Alcohol, Phenols and Ethers important points- Alcohols, phenols, and ethers are the important classes of organic compounds. Alcohols have a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an alkyl or aryl group, while phenols have hydroxyl group directly attached to an aromatic ring. Ethers, on other hand, have an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups. Alcohols exhibits intermolecular hydrogen bonding and can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on number of alkyl groups attached to carbon atom with the hydroxyl group. Phenols are more acidic than the alcohols due to resonance stabilization of the phenoxide ion after the deprotonation. They can undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Ethers are relatively unreactive due to absence of an acidic hydrogen atom.
Alcohols can be synthesized through the hydration of alkenes, reduction of carbonyl compounds, or fermentation of sugars. Phenols can be prepared via oxidation of the aryl methyl groups, hydrolysis of the diazonium salts, or Kolbe-Schmitt reaction. Ethers are commonly synthesized through Williamson ether synthesis. Alcohols can undergo oxidation reactions to form the aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, while the phenols can be oxidized to form quinones. Ethers are generally resistant to oxidation. Alcohols and phenols can undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions, whereas ethers are relatively unreactive towards the nucleophilic substitution.
Alcohols can be dehydrated to form alkenes through the elimination reactions, and phenols can undergo the electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Ethers can be cleaved into alcohol or alkoxide components through acid- or base-catalyzed reactions.
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NCERT Chemistry Class 12 Chapter 11- 25 Alcohol, Phenols and Ethers important points
There are 25 important points on alcohol Phenols and Ethers –
- Alcohol is a class of organic compounds that contains hydroxyl (-OH) functional group.
- Phenols are a type of alcohol that have hydroxyl group directly attached to an
aromatic ring. - Ethers are a class of organic compounds characterized by an oxygen atom bonded
to 2 alkyl or aryl groups. - The general formula for the alcohol is R-OH, where R represents an alkyl or aryl group.
- The general formula for the phenols is Ar-OH, where Ar represents an aromatic ring.
- The general formula for the ethers is R-O-R’, where R and R’ represent alkyl or aryl groups.
- Alcohols can be classified into primary (1°), secondary (2°), and tertiary (3°) based on number of alkyl groups bonded to the carbon atom bearing hydroxyl group.
- Alcohols exhibits intermolecular hydrogen bonding due to presence of the highly polar O-H bond.
- Phenols have higher acidity compared to alcohols due to resonance stabilization of the phenoxide ion formed after deprotonation.
- Phenols can undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions due to electron-donating nature of the -OH group.
- Ethers are relatively unreactive due to absence of an acidic hydrogen atom.
- Alcohols can be prepared by hydration of alkenes, reduction of carbonyl compounds, or by fermentation of sugars.
- Phenols can be synthesized through various methods, including oxidation of aryl methyl groups, hydrolysis of the diazonium salts, or by the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction.
- Ethers can be prepared by Williamson ether synthesis, where an alkoxide ion reacts with an alkyl halide.
- Alcohols can be oxidized to form the aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids depending on the oxidizing agent used.
- Phenols can be oxidized to form quinones, which are highly colored compounds used in the dyes and pigments.
- Ethers are relatively inert to oxidation and do not undergo typical alcohol or
phenol oxidation reactions. - Alcohols can undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions, where -OH group is replaced by another nucleophile.
- Phenols can undergo nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions, where a nucleophile substitutes a functional group on aromatic ring.
- Ethers are generally unreactive towards the nucleophilic substitution reactions due to the low polarity of the C-O bond.
- Alcohols can be dehydrated to form the alkenes through the elimination reactions, typically using an acid catalyst.
- Phenols can undergo the electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, such as halogenation, nitration, and sulfonation.
- Ethers can be cleaved into two alcohol or alkoxide components through the acid-catalyzed or base-catalyzed reactions.
- Alcohols and phenols can act as the solvents for a wide range of organic and inorganic compounds due to their polarity.
- Ethers are commonly used as the solvents and as intermediates in the organic synthesis, but they are also highly flammable and can form explosive peroxides upon exposure to air.
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